Extant patches are in continual danger as the proximity index of patches was small which implying lack of connectivity. The mainly results of this study are followings:ДЎ) We suggested that the North China leopard's current distribution has drastically changed and only 2 % of its historical distribution remains occupied. On the other hand, we calculated the temporal overlap between species using the Kernel Density Estimate through the overlap package in the temporal patterns. In the last objective, we also estimated the site occupation of invasive species (humans, livestock, and domestic dogs). We estimated three carnivores' site occupation, the environmental factorsвЂ™ and human disturbances effect on speciesвЂ™ occupancy and detectability. For the three remaining objectives, in the spatial patterns, we performed the occupancy models, the single-season single-species and single-season two species (where 589 independent photographs from 81 camera traps were analysed), multi-season single-species and multi-season two species (where 81, 62 and 62 camera traps were respectively used in season one, two and three, with 589, 496 and 472 independent photographs respectively) from 2017 to 2019. We used the documentary method to bring out results related to the first objective. The objectives of the study were: 1) to make insights on the North China leopard in distribution, threats, conservation and population status 2) to characterize the spatiotemporal coexistence of the North China leopard, the leopard cat and the red fox in one season of data collection and depict effects of environmental factors on speciesвЂ™ site occupation 3) to make a multi-year assessment of occupancy, detection and coexistence across three years and evaluate anthropogenic disturbances on carnivores estimates 4) to analyse the threats of invasive species, including humans, livestock, and domestic dogs, on native carnivore in spatiotemporal patterns.

This study focused on analysing the coexistence patterns of the North China leopard (Panthera pardus japonensis), the leopard cat (Prionailurus bengalensis) and the red fox (Vulpes vulpes) in a human-dominated landscape, the Tieqiaoshan Natural Reserve (TNR), and to provide insights for implications of carnivores conservation. Studies on carnivoresвЂ™ niche have been an important ecological topic for a long time as carnivore species are crucial in the functioning of ecosystems. Knowledge of interspecific interactions may improve the effectiveness of management aimed at conserving the increasingly threatened wild cat community.Д¬arnivores have always undergone interspecific and intraspecific threats that seem tough to detect since carnivore studies often rely on passive sampling when investigating spatiotemporal threats or interactions with human activities. We identified six mechanisms promoting coexistence of central Sumatra cats. Temporally, species more similar in size, or with similar-sized prey, had lower overlap, suggesting temporal avoidance. We found little evidence of spatial avoidance among cats at camera sites. Leopard cat presence covaried with the photo-trap rate of tigers, whereas the presence of tigers covaried with the photo-trap rate of non-cat carnivores. Clouded leopard presence covaried positively with altitude. Site use by tigers and leopard cats negatively covaried with distance to protected areas. The five cats used statistically different elevations, with golden cats found at highest elevation. We placed camera traps at elevations ranging from 6 to 460 m above sea level. Spatially, cat distributions varied among forest types, within the sampling blocks and across elevation. Four cats were present in all sampling blocks and one sampling block had all five cats. We photographed five cat species: Sumatran tigers, Sunda clouded leopards, Asiatic golden cats, marbled cats and leopard cats.

We also used two-species co-occurrence models to assess spatial overlap and used kernel density estimates on circular data to assess temporal overlap between species pairs.

We developed occupancy models assessing probability of site use by each cat based on (1) photo-trap rates of other species at the same locations and (2) landscape-level factors extracted from geographic information systems. We investigated ecological characteristics and spatial and temporal overlap among cats in central Sumatra using data from systematic and opportunistic camera trapping in five major forest blocks. Many are globally threatened and yet their ecology is poorly understood. At least six species of wild cats live in Sumatra.

Siapa pembuat cat mario 4